1. Luke Thorburn
  2. Index
  3. CV

  1. 2024
  2. 2023
  3. 2022
  4. 2021
  5. 2020
  6. 2019
  7. 2018
  8. 2017
  9. 2016
  10. 2015

Reading Log

Stateliving

Books I've read, in reverse chronological. Rereads are marked ; incomplete but thorough perusals . Titles denoted  were either (a) particularly well-written or (b) responsible for inducing some degree of metanoia, and I commend them to you. (You can probably the rest.) For those I next intend to consume, please see my reading list.

The Dark Forest Anthology of the Internet The Dark Forest Collective Thursday 4 December
Only the Astronauts Ceredwin Dovey Saturday 19 July
Broken Code Jeff Horwitz Tuesday 24 June
Careless People Sarah Wynn-Williams Sunday 8 June
The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell 1914-1944 Bertrand Russell Thursday 2 January

2024

The Story of the Lost Child Elena Ferrante Saturday 28 September
Those Who Leave and Those Who Stay Elena Ferrante Wednesday 4 September
The Story of a New Name Elena Ferrante Thursday 15 August
The Fragility of Goodness Martha Nussbaum Tuesday 9 July
The Internet Con Cory Doctorow Wednesday 3 July
Not Us Now Zoë Hitzig Monday 1 July
Moonbound A novel Robin Sloan Friday 21 June
Identity and Violence Amartya Sen Monday 18 March
Things Become Other Things Craig Mod Monday 1 January

2023

Kissa by Kissa Craig Mod Wednesday 27 December
The Myth of Sisyphus Albert Camus Monday 25 December
The Dictionary of Obscure Sorrows John Koenig Sunday 1 October
Justice by Means of Democracy Danielle Allen Saturday 16 September
Labyrinths Jorge Luis Borges Tuesday 29 August
The Analysis of Political Cleavages Douglas Rae, Michael Taylor Friday 2 June
Mezzanine Zoë Hitzig Saturday 13 May
My Brilliant Friend Elena Ferrante Saturday 13 May
Chess Story Stefan Zweig Thursday 6 April
Status Anxiety Alain de Botton Monday 3 April
Stand Out of Our Light Freedom and Resistance in the Attention Economy James Williams Monday 3 April
A Life Worth Living Albert Camus and the Quest for Meaning Robert Zaretky Wednesday 8 March
The Plague Albert Camus Monday 20 February
The Fall Albert Camus Saturday 4 February
Who Gets to Be Smart Privilege, Power and Knowledge Bri Lee Saturday 4 February
The Stranger Albert Camus Thursday 2 February
Ten Arguments for Deleting your Social Media Accounts Right Now Jaron Lanier Tuesday 10 January

2022

Bodies of Light Jennifer Down Thursday 17 November
Far Out Encounters With Extremists Charlotte McDonald-Gibson Friday 14 October
The Cabinet of Calm Paul Anthony Jones Sunday 28 August
Descartes' Bones A Skeletal History of the Conflict between Faith and Reason Russell Shorto Monday 8 August
Wild Words Kate Hodges Thursday 4 August
Breaking the Social Media Prism How to Make Our Platforms Less Polarizing Chris Bail Monday 25 July
The Man from The Future The Visionary Life of John Von Neumann Ananyo Bhattacharya Friday 8 July
The Age of Surveillance Capitalism The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power Shoshana Zuboff Monday 23 May
The Empathy Diaries A Memoir Sherry Turkle Monday 9 May
The Big Switch Australia's electric future Saul Griffith Saturday 30 April
The Information A History, a Theory, a Flood James Gleick Sunday 13 March
The Mind is Flat The Illusion of Mental Depth and The Improvised Mind Nick Chater Friday 21 January
New Dark Age Technology and the End of the Future James Bridle Wednesday 5 January

2021

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Simon Armitage Friday 31 December
The Lean PhD Radically Improve the Efficiency, Quality and Impact of Your Research Julian Kirchherr Friday 10 December
Uncanny Valley A Memoir Anna Wiener Tuesday 23 November
How to Live 27 conflicting answers and one weird conclusion Derek Sivers Wednesday 10 November
The Scout Mindset Why Some People See Things Clearly and Others Don’t Julia Galef Thursday 4 November
Strangers Drowning Grappling with Impossible Idealism, Drastic Choices, and the Overpowering Urge to Help Larissa MacFarquhar Wednesday 13 October
How Algorithms Create and Prevent Fake News Exploring the Impacts of Social Media, Deepfakes, GPT-3, and More Noah Giansiracusa Tuesday 5 October
Deep Learning Ian Goodfellow, Yoshua Bengio and Aaron Courville Tuesday 14 September
Power Play Breaking through bias, barriers & boys' clubs Julia Banks Sunday 12 September
Ready Player Two Ernest Cline Saturday 28 August
Ready Player One Ernest Cline Tuesday 24 August
Weapons of Math Destruction How big data increases inequality and threatons democracy Cathy O'Neil Wednesday 18 August
Technics and Civilisation Lewis Mumford Thursday 12 August
Square Haunting Five Women, Freedom and London between the Wars Francesca Wade Tuesday 27 July
A Human's Guide to the Future Jordan Nguyen Sunday 18 July
The Precipice Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity Toby Ord Sunday 4 July
Crowds and Power Elias Canetti Saturday 26 June
Why We're Polarized Ezra Klein Saturday 19 June
Human Compatible AI and the Problem of Control Stuart Russell Monday 14 June
The Alignment Problem How Can Machines Learn Human Values? Brian Christian Thursday 3 June
The Image A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America Daniel Boorstin Monday 24 May
The Tyranny of Merit What's Become of the Common Good? Michael J. Sandel Sunday 16 May
The Mathematics of the Gods and the Algorithms of Men A Cultural History Paolo Zellini Sunday 25 April
Bees and Their Keepers Lotte Möller Saturday 17 April
Dune Frank Herbert Saturday 3 April
How to Read a Book Mortimer J. Adler, Charles van Doren Wednesday 3 March
Call of the Reed Warbler A new agriculture, a new earth Charles Massy Tuesday 16 February
Teg's 1994 Robert Theobald, J. M. Scott Saturday 16 January
Einstein His Life and Universe Walter Isaacson Saturday 9 January

2020

How to Have Impossible Conversations A Very Practical Guide Peter Boghossian, James Lindsay Wednesday 30 December
Going Dark The Secret Social Lives of Extremists Julia Ebner Thursday 29 October
The NeuroGeneration The New Era in Brain Enhancement That Is Revolutionizing the Way We Think, Work, and Heal Tan Le Saturday 10 October
The Sciences of the Artificial Herbert Simon Thursday 17 September
Stop Being Reasonable Eleanor Gordon-Smith Monday 24 August
Monash The Outsider Who Won a War Roland Perry Monday 10 August
On Mathematics and Mathematicians (Memorabilia Mathematica) Robert Edouard Moritz Friday 24 July
Losing Eden Why Our Minds Need the Wild Lucy Jones Friday 24 July
Are Filter Bubbles Real? Axel Bruns Friday 3 July
Plato at the Googleplex Philosophy Won't Go Away Rebecca Newberger Goldstein Tuesday 30 June
Rusted Off Why country Australia is fed up Gabrielle Chan Monday 18 May
The Ph.D. Grind A Ph.D. Student Memoir Philip Guo Thursday 23 April
Breaking News The Remaking of Journalism and Why It Matters Now Alan Rusbridger Friday 17 April
The Beginning of Infinity Explanations that Transform the World David Deutsch Friday 27 March
How to Do Nothing Resisting the Attention Economy Jenny Odell Wednesday 4 March
The Myth of the Rational Voter Why Democracies Choose Bad Policies Bryan Caplan Tuesday 11 February
Love Your Enemies How decent people can save America from the culture of contempt Arthur Brooks Sunday 2 February
Crystallography Christian Bök Tuesday 28 January
The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell 1872-1914 Bertrand Russell Thursday 23 January
Democracy in a Divided Australia Matthew Lesh Sunday 19 January
Stray Arts (and Other Inventions) Anthony Etherin Thursday 16 January
Post Truth The new war on truth and how to fight back Matthew d'Ancona Thursday 16 January
Urban and Regional Planning Peter Hall, Mark Tewdwr-Jones Monday 13 January
Lincoln in the Bardo George Saunders Monday 13 January
Weaponized Lies How to think critically in the post-truth era Daniel Levitin Thursday 9 January
Detection Theory A user's guide Neil A. Macmillan, C. Douglas Creelman Thursday 9 January
City Life The new urban Australia Seamus O'Hanlon Wednesday 8 January
The Hate Race Maxine Beneba Clarke Friday 3 January

2019

The Reputation Society How online opinions are reshaping the offline world Hassan Masum, Mark Tover (editors) Monday 30 December
Cellar Anthony Etherin Monday 30 December
The Lifespan of a Fact John D'Agata, Jim Fingal Sunday 29 December
Building Web Reputation Systems Ratings, reviews & karma to keep your community healthy Randy Farmer, Bryce Glass Friday 27 December
The Human Condition Hannah Arendt Friday 27 December
The Death and Life of Great American Cities Jane Jacobs Wednesday 25 December
Alex through the Looking-Glass How life reflects numbers and numbers reflect life Alex Bellos Friday 13 December
Brief Answers to the Big Questions Stephen Hawking Sunday 1 December
Information disorder Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policy making Claire Wardle, Hossein Derakhshan Tuesday 26 November
Crime and Punishment Fyodor Dostoyevsky Saturday 23 November
Metaphors We Live By George Lakoff, Mark Johnson Sunday 10 November
Clickbait, Bias, and Propaganda in Information Networks Barbara Fister, Rachel Flynn, et al. Monday 4 November
Nothing is True and Everything is Possible Adventures in modern Russia Peter Pomerantsev Tuesday 22 October
Troll Hunting Inside the world of online hate and its human fallout Ginger Gorman Thursday 3 October
This is Not Propaganda Adventures in the War Against Reality Peter Pomerantsev Wednesday 25 September
Radicalized Cory Doctorow Tuesday 17 September
Infinite Detail Tim Maughan Thursday 12 September
The Last Whole Earth Catalog Access to tools Stewart Brand Monday 2 September
Figuring Maria Popova Saturday 24 August
Eichmann in Jerusalem A Report on the Banality of Evil Hannah Arendt Monday 29 July
The Secret Life Three True Stories Andrew O'Hagan Monday 22 July
Radical Markets Uprooting Capitalism and Democracy for a Just Society Eric Posner, Glen Weyl Thursday 18 July
Snow Crash Neal Stephenson Saturday 29 June
Dark Emu Aboriginal Australia and the birth of agriculture Bruce Pascoe Saturday 29 June
How to Measure Anything Finding the value of intangibles in business Douglas Hubbard Saturday 25 May
Why Shrink-Wrap a Cucumber? The Complete Guide to Environmental Packaging Stephen Aldridge, Laurel Miller Friday 19 April
In Praise of Intransigence The Perils of Flexibility Richard H. Weisberg Thursday 4 April
An Absolutely Remarkable Thing Hank Green Sunday 31 March
Why Nations Fail The Origins of Power, Prosperity and Poverty Daron Acemoglu, James A. Robinson Wednesday 27 March
How We Got to Now Six Innovations That Made the Modern World Steven Johnson Wednesday 13 March
Second Foundation Isaac Asimov Saturday 9 February
Alsos Samuel Goudsmit Saturday 2 February
Victims of Groupthink A Psychological Study of Foreign-Policy Decisions and Fiascoes Irving L. Janis Wednesday 23 January
Beaumaris Modern Modernist Homes in Beaumaris Fiona Austin Saturday 19 January
The Worldly Philosophers The Lives, Times and Ideas of the Great Economic Thinkers Robert Heilbroner Wednesday 16 January

2018

Life of Galileo Bertolt Brecht Saturday 22 December
What is populism? Jan-Werner Müller Thursday 6 December
The Shock Doctrine The Rise of Disaster Capitalism Naomi Klein Tuesday 4 December
Radioactive Marie and Pierre Curie, A Tale of Love and Fallout Lauren Redniss Friday 9 November
The First Casualty A Memoir from the Front Lines of the Global War on Journalism Peter Greste Thursday 25 October
No Logo Naomi Klein Wednesday 17 October
Tales from the Inner City Shaun Tan Thursday 4 October
Cybernetics Or, Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine Norbert Wiener Monday 24 September
An Elementary Introduction to the Wolfram Language Stephen Wolfram Saturday 1 September
Ginkgo The Tree That Time Forgot Peter Crane Monday 27 August
Reinventing Discovery The New Era of Networked Science Michael Nielsen Wednesday 8 August
Cicada Shaun Tan Wednesday 1 August
What is Life? The Physical Aspect of the Living Cell Erwin Schrödinger Monday 30 July
The News A User's Manual Alain de Botton Friday 27 July
Global Catastrophic Risks Nick Bostrom, Milan Ćirković Monday 23 July
Hillbilly Elegy A Memoir of a Family and Culture in Crisis J. D. Vance Wednesday 4 July
A Little History of the World Ernst Gombrich Wednesday 27 June
The Fractal Geometry of Nature Benoit Mandelbrot Wednesday 6 June
Factfulness Ten Reasons We're Wrong about the World - and Why Things are Better than You Think Hans Rosling Tuesday 29 May
I am a Mathematician The Later Life of a Prodigy Norbert Wiener Tuesday 22 May
Ex-Prodigy My Childhood and Youth Norbert Wiener Monday 14 May
The Fractalist Memoir of a Scientific Maverick Benoit Mandelbrot Thursday 3 May
A Radical Approach to Lebesgue's Theory of Integration David Bressoud Thursday 19 April
Paradoxes in Probability Theory and Mathematical Statistics Gábor Székely Monday 9 April
The Ethical Brain The Science of Our Moral Dilemmas Michael Gazzaniga Friday 30 March
The Merchant and the Alchemist's Gate Ted Chiang Friday 30 March
Foundation and Empire Isaac Asimov Monday 26 March
Randomnicity Rules and Randomness in the Realm of the Infinite Anastasios Tsonis Thursday 22 March
Maverick Genius The Pioneering Odyssey of Freeman Dyson Phillip Schewe Tuesday 20 March
Enigmas of Chance An Autobiography Mark Kac Sunday 11 March
The Righteous Mind Why Good People are Divided by Politics and Religion Jonathon Heidt Tuesday 6 March
Superforecasting The art and science of prediction Philip Tetlock, Dan Gardner Tuesday 27 February
The Master Algorithm How the quest for the ultimate learning machine will remake our world Pedro Domingos Wednesday 21 February
Thunder & Lightning Weather past, present, future Lauren Redniss Saturday 17 February
Three Score Years and Twenty Walter C. Balmford Wednesday 14 February
Inadequate Equilibria Where and how civilizations get stuck Eliezer Yudkowsky Monday 5 February
Who owns the future? Jaron Lanier Sunday 4 February
Surfing Uncertainty Prediction, action and the embodied mind Andy Clark Monday 22 January
Arcadia Tom Stoppard Thursday 18 January
Finite and Infinite Games A vision of life as play and possibility James P. Carse Tuesday 9 January

2017

The Island of Knowledge The limits of science and the search for meaning Marcelo Gleiser Saturday 30 December
The Age of Em Work, love and life when robots rule the earth Robin Hanson Tuesday 26 December
Stubborn Attachments A vision for a society of free, prosperous and responsible individuals Tyler Cowen Monday 25 December
Foundation Isaac Asimov Saturday 16 December
The Tipping Point How little things can make a big difference Malcolm Gladwell Wednesday 13 December
A Mathematical Theory of Communication Claude Shannon & Warren Weaver Monday 11 December
How to Solve It A new aspect of mathematical method George Pólya Thursday 7 December
Slade House David Mitchell Saturday 2 December
Foucault's Pendulum Umberto Eco Friday 24 November
Stoner John Williams Tuesday 17 October
Chronicles On our troubled times Thomas Piketty Wednesday 4 October
The Shallows How the internet is changing the way we think, read and remember Nicholas Carr Sunday 1 October
In Search of the Miraculous Fragments of an unknown teaching P.D. Ouspensky Friday 22 September
Frank Lloyd Wright America's master architect Kathryn Smith Tuesday 19 September
Mr Penumbra's 24-Hour Bookstore Robin Sloan Wednesday 13 September
Code Breakers Inside the shadow world of signals intelligence in Australia's two Bletchley Parks Craig Collie Monday 14 August
Anki Essentials The complete guide to remembering anything with Anki Alex Vermeer Thursday 3 August
Sapiens A brief history of humankind Yuval Noah Harari Friday 28 July
A History of Western Philosophy Bertrand Russell Friday 21 July
Unforbidden Pleasures Adam Phillips Tuesday 11 July
Mr. Wilson's Cabinet of Wonder Pronged ants, horned humans, mice on toast, and other marvels of Jurassic technology Lawrence Weschler Tuesday 4 July
Graphic Discovery A trout in the milk and other visual adventures Howard Wainer Tuesday 23 May
Leibniz Ruth Lydia Saw Wednesday 17 May
Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid A metaphorical fugue on minds and machines in the spirit of Lewis Carroll Douglas R. Hofstadter Wednesday 26 April
Breaking Smart Seeking serendipity through technology Venkatesh Rao Saturday 8 April
The Kybalion Three Initiates Thursday 30 March
Brave New World Aldous Huxley Monday 27 March
The Better Angels of Our Nature Why violence has declined Steven Pinker Saturday 25 March
Interactive Data Visualization for the Web An introduction to designing with d3 Scott Murray Friday 24 March
Silent Spring Rachel Carson Wednesday 22 March
The Dot & the Line A romance in lower mathematics Norton Juster Tuesday 21 March
The Last Messiah Peter Wessel Zapffe Tuesday 21 March
The New Case for Gold James Rickards Tuesday 14 March
The Prince Niccolò Machiavelli Saturday 11 March
Faster The acceleration of just about everything James Gleick Tuesday 7 March
The Economics of Inequality Thomas Piketty Friday 3 March
The Omnivore's Dilemma A natural history of four meals Michael Pollan Tuesday 28 February
80,000 Hours Find a fulfilling career that does good Benjamin Todd Friday 24 February
H is for Hawk Helen Macdonald Monday 13 February
Decline and Fall Evelyn Waugh Tuesday 7 February
On Bullshit Harry Frankfurt Wednesday 1 February
On the Shortness of Life Life is long if you know how to use it Seneca Wednesday 1 February
This Is Water Some thoughts, delivered on a significant occasion, about living a compassionate life David Foster Wallace Wednesday 4 January

2016

Death of the Liberal Class Chris Hedges Wednesday 14 December
The Golden Ticket P, NP, and the search for the impossible Lance Fortnow Sunday 4 December
The Four Legendary Kingdoms Matthew Reilly Sunday 20 November
The Boy Who Played with Fusion Extreme science, extreme parenting, and how to make a star Tom Clynes Thursday 27 October
Making the Modern World Materials and dematerialization Vaclav Smil Friday 21 October
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions Thomas Kuhn Wednesday 28 September
1001 Ideas That changed the way we think Robert Arp (editor) Friday 2 September
Superintelligence Paths, dangers, strategies Nick Bostrom Thursday 18 August
The Shape of Space Jeffrey Weeks Tuesday 9 August
The Ascent of Man Jacob Bronowski Thursday 4 August
The Decline of the West, Vol. I Form and actuality Oswald Spengler Friday 29 July
The Art of Asking or, How I learned to stop worrying and let people help Amanda Palmer Thursday 7 July
The Singing Bones Shaun Tan Monday 4 July
Big World, Small Planet Abundance within planetary boundaries Johan Rockström, Mattias Klum Thursday 30 June
You Are Not A Gadget A manifesto Jaron Lanier Monday 27 June
Neural Networks and Deep Learning Michael A. Nielsen Sunday 26 June
The Principles of Uncertainty Maira Kalman Friday 24 June
Chaos Making a new science James Gleick Monday 30 May
The Mind's Eye Oliver Sacks Saturday 21 May
Facts from Figures A layman's introduction to statistics M. J. Moroney Tuesday 17 May
Science and the Common Understanding Julius Robert Oppenheimer Thursday 12 May
ggplot2 Elegant graphics for data analysis Hadley Wickham Wednesday 11 May
In Cold Blood Truman Capote Wednesday 4 May
The Island of Knowledge The limits of science and the search for meaning Marcelo Gleiser Tuesday 26 April
The Grammar of Graphics Leland Wilkinson Tuesday 19 April
How to Prove It A structured approach Daniel Velleman Wednesday 6 April
The Container Principle How a box changes the way we think Alexander Klose Thursday 25 February
The Sense of Style The thinking person's guide to writing in the 21st century Steven Pinker Sunday 21 February
Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance An inquiry into values Robert Maynard Pirsig Tuesday 16 February
An ABZ of Love Inge & Sten Hegeler Saturday 13 February
The Life You Can Save Acting now to end world poverty Peter Singer Friday 12 February
The Bed of Procrustes Philosophical and practical aphorisms Nassim Nicholas Taleb Tuesday 9 February
The Black Swan The impact of the highly improbable Nassim Nicholas Taleb Sunday 7 February
Fooled by Randomness The hidden role of chance in life and in the markets Nassim Nicholas Taleb Monday 1 February
Why Information Grows The evolution of order, from atoms to economies César Hidalgo Tuesday 26 January
Storms of My Grandchildren The truth about the coming climate catastrophe and our last chance to save humanity James Hansen Sunday 24 January
Making Sense of Japanese What the textbooks don't tell you Jay Rubin Friday 22 January
Shogun James Clavell Wednesday 20 January
The Elements of Style William Strunk, Elwyn Brooks White Wednesday 6 January
Paula Isabel Allende Saturday 2 January

2015

The Guernsey Literary and Potato Peel Pie Society Mary Ann Shaffer, Annie Barrows Monday 21 December
Antifragile Things that gain from disorder Nassim Nicholas Taleb Thursday 17 December
Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman! Adventures of a curious character Richard Feynman, Ralph Leighton Saturday 5 December
Thinking, Fast and Slow Daniel Kahneman Thursday 3 December
Being Mortal Medicine and what matters in the end Atul Gawande Friday 27 November
The Reason I Jump The inner voice of a thirteen-year-old boy with autism Naoki Higashida Tuesday 17 November
Our Choice A plan to solve the climate crisis Al Gore Tuesday 17 November
An Inconvenient Truth The planetary emergency of global warming and what we can do about it Al Gore Wednesday 11 November
僕らの時代の本 Craig Mod Thursday 29 October
Cycles of Life Civilization and the biosphere Vaclav Smil Friday 23 October
The Opposite of Loneliness Essays and stories Marina Keegan Thursday 1 October
The Art of Data Science A guide for anyone who works with data Roger Peng, Elizabeth Matsui Monday 28 September
The Sixth Extinction An unnatural history Elizabeth Kolbert Monday 28 September
Catch-22 Joseph Heller Thursday 24 September
The Signal and the Noise Why so many predictions fail—but some don't Nate Silver Monday 7 September
Harry Potter and the Methods of Rationality Eliezer Yudkowsky Thursday 3 September
The Ocean at the End of the Lane Neil Gaiman Thursday 6 August
Don't Go Back to School A handbook for learning anything Kio Stark Sunday 2 August
Nudge Improving decisions about health, wealth, and happiness Richard Thaler, Cass Sunstein Thursday 30 July
The Quantum Universe Everything that can happen does happen Brian Cox, Jeff Forshaw Friday 24 July
Paleoclimate Michael Bender Friday 17 July
How to Lie with Statistics Darrell Huff Tuesday 14 July
M is for Magic Neil Gaiman Thursday 9 July
Envisioning Information Edward Tufte Saturday 27 June
Beautiful Evidence Edward Tufte Thursday 25 June
Visual Explanations Edward Tufte Wednesday 24 June
The Visual Display of Quantitative Information Edward Tufte Saturday 20 June

Prior Notables

Waking Up A guide to spirituality without religion Sam Harris 2015
The Rational Optimist How prosperity evolves Matt Ridley 2014
The Zero Marginal Cost Society The internet of things, the collaborative commons, and the eclipse of capitalism Jeremy Rifkin 2014
Should We Eat Meat? Evolution and consequences of modern carnivory Vaclav Smil 2013
The Conundrum How scientific innovation, increased efficiency, and good intentions can make our energy and climate problems worse David Owen 2012
Tales from Outer Suburbia Shaun Tan 2008

This site is licensed under the Creative Commons public domain (CC-0) license, but attribution is appreciated. Views expressed are my own, and probably don't coincide with those of any entity with which I am affiliated.